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Population of Endangered Woodpecker Rises

A massive effort to restore healthy populations of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker in the South is paying off.

Active woodpecker clusters, family groups of about three birds or more, have increased nearly 30 percent, from 4,694 in 1994 to 6,061 currently.

The birds once thrived in the longleaf pine forests that stretched from Texas and Oklahoma in the West to Georgia and Florida in the East and up the coast as far as New Jersey.

Farming, clear-cutting, and commercial forestry deprived them of critical habitat and the woodpeckers were declared endangered in 1970. The Fish and Wildlife Service launched a program in the 1990s to save them.

The recovery effort got a boost with habitat conservation plans that allow landowners to move isolated woodpeckers unlikely to survive and safe harbor agreements that provide financial incentives for artificial nests and other habitat enhancements.

Before these partnerships, some private landowners shunned the birds, fearing the federal government would dictate how they could use their land.

Now there are 569 red-cockaded woodpecker partnerships with the Fish and Wildlife Service. The number of clusters on private land also increased from 969 in 1994 to a current count of 1,248.

The 7- to 8-inch black and white woodpeckers are finicky, high-maintenance birds. They peck nesting cavities only in pine trees that are at least 80 years old and infected with a fungal disease that softens the interior. However, it still can take the birds months, even years, to peck out a suitable nesting cavity.

The development of artificial cavities and the ability to relocate birds has helped the recovery effort. About 20 years ago, researchers found a quick way to provide additional nests by drilling cavities in trees or inserting nesting boxes.

“The populations were declining before we figured out that we could give them subsidized housing and move them around. Now we build the neighborhoods and bring the birds to them,” says Ralph Costa, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's red-cockaded woodpecker recovery coordinator in Clemson, South Carolina.

However, even at the current growth rate, it will take another 70 years before the red-cockaded woodpecker has recovered sufficiently to be taken off the endangered species list, officials say.

Biologists Jim Cox and Phil Spivey often meet before dawn to catch the woodpeckers for branding and research.

They work with landowners in the Red Hills, a 300,000-acre area stretching from Tallahassee, Florida, to Thomasville, Georgia, that has thousands of old pine trees and scores of quail-hunting plantations, which are typically ideal for woodpeckers.

But even in the Red Hills, which has the nation's largest red-cockaded woodpecker population on private land, the number of clusters had stuck at 175 for about 25 years. Now there are 183 clusters and sometimes even excess birds that are relocated to help populations elsewhere.